| Korean Med Educ Rev > Volume 28(1); 2026 > Article |
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| No. | First author (year) | Country | Training stage/population | Study type/design | Main DEI focus & key findings (summary) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Davis et al. [34] (2021) | USA | Incoming medical students (orientation) | Single-institution curriculum description & evaluation | • Two-day intensive DEI orientation integrating narrative sharing |
| • Relationship-centered communication and mindfulness | |||||
| • Students reported high satisfaction and enhanced relationship building | |||||
| 2 | Henry et al. [35] (2024) | USA | Across the UME–GME continuum | Framework article | • Proposed a stepwise framework for planning, implementing, and evaluating DEI and anti-racist curricula strategically |
| • Discussed the importance of organizational leadership, resources, and evaluation systems | |||||
| 3 | Jiang et al. [36] (2024) | USA | Across the UME continuum | Framework article | • Examples from multiple medical schools to propose a working framework for integrating DEI into UME |
| • Suggested ways to systematically align educational objectives, content, assessment, and institutional culture | |||||
| 4 | Fadul et al. [37] (2023) | USA | Pre-clinical UME | Single-institution descriptive analysis | • Used the AAMC institutional culture and climate framework to conduct a listening tour and a survey of preclinical course leaders. |
| • Identified needs to diversify cases and standardized patients and to strengthen teaching on structural racism and SDOH | |||||
| 5 | Soroski et al. [38] (2024) | Canada | Pre-clinical UME | Single-institution quality improvement research | • Evaluated 49 simulation cases using a universalism tool (T-GAT) and an in-house EDI rubric |
| • Universalism scores were high (mean 45.6/60), but EDI scores were lower (mean 11.7/25); only 21/49 cases included diverse identities, and linguistic diversity was rarely represented. | |||||
| • Correlation between universalism and EDI scores was weak. | |||||
| 6 | Singh et al. [21] (2022) | India | Undergraduate medical students | Educational intervention study | • A health humanities module used film, literature, and reflective writing to deepen understanding of disability rights and social context. |
| • Some students reported changed attitudes toward disability and increased empathy and advocacy intentions. | |||||
| 7 | Boeckermann et al. [17] (2025) | USA | Residents (US residency programs) | Scoping review | • Scoping review of interventions to enhance diversity in US residency recruitment and selection (e.g., holistic review, pipeline/bridge programs, mentoring, interview redesign). |
| • Wide variation in interventions, study designs, and outcome measures, with limited data on long-term and patient-level effects. | |||||
| 8 | Chung et al. [18] (2023) | USA | Residents across specialties | Scoping review | • Included 19 studies (2000–2021) on DEI education for residents, mostly small single-institution projects using online modules, workshops, and longitudinal curricula. |
| • Using Kirkpatrick’s model, many reported improvements in knowledge and attitudes (Levels 1–2), but evidence for behavior change (Level 3) and patient outcomes (Level 4) was very limited. | |||||
| 9 | Holdren et al. [39] (2023) | USA | Medical school faculty | Educational intervention study | • Developed a four-session workshop combining critical race theory, phenomenology, and narrative medicine (lectures, small-group reading, reflective writing) |
| • 68.4% reported feeling more comfortable discussing race, and 63.2% felt more comfortable incorporating race issues into teaching. | |||||
| • Qualitative themes included the value of sustained narrative reflection, the role of storytelling, and a strengthened commitment to pursuing change as educators. | |||||
| 10 | Gisondi et al. [22] (2023) | USA | Clinical faculty | Web-based faculty development program | • Designed a web-based faculty development course on LGBTQ+ health. |
| • Used the RE-AIM framework to descriptively assess program reach, adoption, implementation, maintenance, and educational effects |
DEI, diversity, equity, and inclusion; UME, undergraduate medical education; GME, graduate medical education; AAMC, Association of American Medical Colleges; SDOH, social determinants of health; T-GAT, Toronto Generalism Assessment Tool; EDI, equity, diversity, inclusion; LGBTQ+, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and/or Questioning, Intersex, and Asexual and/or Ally +, RE-AIM, Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance.
Eun Jee Chang
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-7063
Yoo Jin Um
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6617-0227
Hyun Bae Yoon
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-5350